The Fort at Prospect Bluff

01/19/2025

Historian Dale Cox's presentation on The Fort at Prospect Bluff from today's Seminole Maroon Remembrance.

Author and historian Dale Cox's remarks for the annual Seminole Maroon Remembrance hosted by the Florida Black Historical Research Project, Inc., in cooperat...

01/12/2023

Part 22: While Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls and Capt. George Woodbine were in Pensacola in August and September 1814, work started at Prospect Bluff to build a fort.

Nicolls left Lt. Christie of the Royal Marines there to design and supervise the construction. The heavy labor of felling longleaf pine trees, cutting them into proper lengths, sawing them into squared beams, digging ditches, and moving earth was carried out by Native American and maroon (free and self-liberated Black) volunteers.

Whether the fort included the magazine built earlier by Capt. Woodbine is not known. In fact, little is known about its design and construction other than that Col. Nicolls considered it "defective" when he returned to the site in December 1814. He ordered that Capt. Robert Henry take over the project, redesign the fort and rebuild it. Henry's fort - the better known Fort at Prospect Bluff or "Negro Fort" - was still under construction when the British evacuated Prospect Bluff in late May 1815.

Archaeologists who have worked at the site - especially those who conducted recent ground-penetrating radar work there - apparently missed or ignored the document in which Nicolls informed Admiral Alexander Cochrane that he had ordered the fort to be redesigned and rebuilt. As a result, they interpreted all of the subsurface data they recovered as being from one fort instead of from two forts built on the same site in quick succession, the latter being the actual case.

While the work carried out from August through November 1814 at Prospect Bluff was flawed, it was nevertheless backbreaking and time-consuming. The process of distributing arms, accoutrements, and meager supplies of provisions continued as well, with hundreds more Native American warriors coming to the post during these months.

In Pensacola, meanwhile, hundreds of additional stands of arms were distributed and training continued in the streets of Pensacola as Nicolls, Woodbine, and other officers sought to build an effective fighting force. Red Stick Creek and Seminoles continued to receive light infantry training, while more than 100 maroons now numbered among the soldiers in Nicolls' battalion of Colonial Marines.

Our series will continue. Until the next post, learn more by reading Dale Cox's well-regarded book, The Fort at Prospect Bluff: https://amzn.to/3IFtLmR

10/19/2022

Part 21: Brevet Maj. Edward Nicolls reached Pensacola from Prospect Bluff and the Apalachicola River on August 24, 1814. Contrary to Capt. George Woodbine's plans, he did not abandon the new British post at the bluff, but instead left Royal Marines there with orders to continue distributing arms and ammunition to Red Sticks, Seminoles, and maroons as they arrived. The non-commissioned officers at Prospect Bluff also continued to train warriors in light infantry drills.

Nicolls found Gov. Mateo Gonzales Manrique of West Florida on edge. Rumors abounded that the United States planned to invade the province and seize Pensacola:

"He put me in possession of the fort the next day [i.e., Aug. 25] when we hoisted the colors of both nations under a royal salute. The command of the place he has given entirely to me in case of attack, and we are all at work strengthening the fort, which is the worst one I ever saw, although at a distance it looks formidable." - Brevet Maj. Edward Nicolls to Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, August - November 1814 in Cox "The Fort at Prospect Bluff," Page 76.

The fort referenced by Nicolls in his report was Fort San Miguel or St. Michael, the half-century-old defensive work first built by the British before the American Revolution. Spain tried to maintain it after regaining control of West Florida after the Battle of Pensacola in 1781, but funds were short and the walls crumbled. Nicolls and Woodbine reinforced the stockades and rebuilt the earthworks, but Fort San Miguel remained weak.

Even more concerning to the British major was the deplorable condition of the Red Stick refugees that he found concentrated in the swamps of the Escambia and other rivers around Pensacola. Like those he saw earlier in the month on the Apalachicola, they were starving and dying:

"Captain Woodbine informs me that the distress of the Indians was dreadfull when he arrived, that some of the women and children were dying of famine every day and even their men, the unfeeling Spaniards using them in their distress like dogs. I regret to say the expence of feeding and giving them blankets will be great, but I feel confident they will repay it by their exertions, when they gain a little strength." - Ibid.

The major did not explain how the Spanish at Pensacola were "using" the Red Stick men "like dogs," although likely he meant that they were being forced to work as laborers.

Despite the situation that he faced, Nicolls was not discouraged. He believed that once fed, returned to good health, and trained, the Red Sticks would make good allies. He also held high hopes for the battalion of Colonial Marines that he and Woodbine planned to form from the maroons who were self-liberating from slaverly and joining the British ranks at Prospect Bluff, Perryman's Town, and Pensacola.

In addition to Pensacola, Maj. Nicolls now saw the need for two strong British forts on the Apalachicola. Speaking of the Red Sticks and Seminoles, he wrote to Admiral Cochrane:

"They entreat me to build two forts, one at the bluff, and the other at the point of land formed by the Flint and Chatahatchee rivers. This I think a reasonable request, as they say if you take us away you ought to have a protection for our wives and children. The red sticks have behaved (with a very few exceptions) entirely to my satisfaction." - Ibid., Page 80.

The British knew that the United States would move to oppose their occupation of Pensacola and building of forts in West Florida. Possession of the region would likely be decided by which nation struck first.

[Photo Caption: Antonio Wright (Left) and Matthew Shack portray maroon fighters armed by the British.]

Our series of articles will continue. Until then, you can read the complete story in Dale Cox's acclaimed book "The Fort at Prospect Bluff" by using this link: https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B083TNQVLK&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_HVNX766KH257F46PV3D3&tag=explorescom-20

09/21/2022

Part 20: Bvt. Maj . Nicolls and Capt. Percy returned to Apalachicola Bay in August 1814 after spending only about 8-hours at Prospect Bluff. Their plan was to secure additional troops, arms, ammunition, and artillery, along with the tools needed to begin throwing up fortifications around the magazines and storehouses that Woodbine had built there.

This plan changed, however, when they discovered that a letter had arrived while they were away:

"...[W]e had the pleasure of getting a letter from Captain Woodbine, at Pensacola, informing us of the Governor's request to land there for the defence of the place, and that he had sent two Schooners to bring everything from the bluff, particularly 600 stand of arms, but as I saw, and was informed, that partys of 30 and 40 men, were coming in daily for arms for arms to the bluff, from a great distance, I deemed it proper not to take away the 600 stand." - Brevet Maj. Edward Nicolls to Adm. Sir Alexander Cochrane, August 12, 1814, from Dale Cox, "The Fort at Prospect Bluff."

But for Nicolls' timely arrival and intervention, the British post at Prospect Bluff would have been abandoned by order of Capt. George Woodbine before the fort there was constructed. It is difficult to understate the importance of this moment in the history of the story that unfolded over the next two years.

Fortunately for the needs of the Red Sticks and Spanish at Pensacola, HMS Hermes and HMS Carron were filled with additional arms. Maj. Nicolls reported that 1,000 more Brown Bess muskets were in the ships, a welcome supply for the desperate Native Americans gathering around the Spanish capital in West Florida.

The invitation by Gov. Mateo Gonzales Manrique to the British would prove controversial. Spain had adopted a position of complete neutrality in the War of 1812 and the Captain General of Cuba, whose military jurisdiction included West Florida, had already refused a request from the British to allow the landing of troops at Pensacola or in the province. The occupation of St. Vincent Island and Prospect Bluff was taking place because the two were considered Native American territory by Great Britain. Landing Royal Marines in a Spanish city, however, was a different matter.

The governor, however, was terrified of the possibility of an American invasion. U.S. troops hovered around Mobile, until recently a Spanish city. The United States occupied the town and Mobile Bay under the dubious pretence that Southwest Alabama - part of West Florida - was included in the Louisiana Purchase. Spain disagreed, but American gunboats and bayonets carried the day.

From James Madison down, Americans looked hungrily to West Florida and the Spanish governor knew it. He also knew that should they attack, he had no hope of holding Pensacola with his depleted garrison unless the British helped out. So, despite the refusal of his commanding officer in Havana - which he may or may not have known about - he asked for help from Capt. Woodbine. The junior British officer quickly relayed the news up to his own commander and it was not long before Maj. Nicolls was en route to Pensacola.

We will explore his activities there ahead of his first encounter with American troops in our next segment. Until then, to learn more please consider Dale Cox's book: https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B083TNQVLK&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_KRXSJR2S03Y409ATTJ25&tag=explorescom-20

(Photo: Apalachicola Bay as seen from Lafayette Park, Apalachicola, Florida. Nicolls and Percy passed through the channel visible here in August 1814.)

08/23/2022

Part 19: Brevet Major Edward Nicolls arrived off Apalachicola Bay aboard HMS Hermes on August 13, 1814. The veteran of more than 100 combat actions, the major had been wounded so many times in hand to hand combat that he was a legend in the British service. His fellow officers called him "Fighting Nicolls."

He was to command the thousands of Red Stick Creek, Seminole, and Miccosukee warriors being armed and supplied to join Great Britain in its War of 1812 effort against the United States. Nicolls also came with a local rank of lieutenant colonel giving him authority to raise and command the battalion of Royal Colonial Marines that Capt. George Woodbine was organizing in Northwest Florida. The ranks were largely filled with maroons (self-liberated slaves), although some whites, Hispanics, and others also served.

After reaching a safe anchorage off the west end of St. George Island, Nicolls landed a company of Royal Marines on St. Vincent Island with orders to prepare additional storage facilities. Captain the Hon. William Percy and the major then started upriver for Prospect Bluff. Their guide took a wrong turn somewhere - perhaps at the "Pinhook" - and it took two days for the British officers to reach their destination. When he finally reached the bluff, Maj. Nicolls was stunned by the calamity that had befallen the Red Sticks:

"...[I]n consequence of their coming in such numbers upon Perryman and Capachamico, they had created a famine, and were actually eating the corn before it was ripe. About 50 Warriors and 30 women and children came to the Bluff for arms [i.e., in the eight hours that Nicolls was present], and such objects I never saw the like of, absolute skin and bone, but cheerfull and resolved to do their utmost against the common enemy. An old man told me, when I asked him how far it was to where the enemy were, and if he knew the way to lead me to them, he said it was seven days Journey to them, (about 300 miles) that he could not miss the way, for it was marked by the graves of his five children." - [Nicolls to Adm. Sir Alexander Cochrane, 1814, from Dale Cox, The Fort at Prospect Bluff, page 73.]

The warriors told Nicolls that they had been unable to stand against Andrew Jackson's troops at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend because they had no bayonets. Jackson's men were equipped with bayonets, which gave them a decided advantage on the field. The same older warrior who told the powerful story about the graves of his five children expressed great joy upon receiving a new Brown Bess musket that was equipped with a bayonet:

"He always thought something was wanting, for that while the enemy was loading, and he was loading, much time was lost, that now he had a bayonet he would rush on the Americans, when he was sure of victory." - [Nicolls to Cochrane, 1814, from Cox, The Fort at Prospect Bluff, page 73.]

Nicolls and Percy stayed at Prospect Bluff for only 8-hours before climbing back into their launch and starting back downriver. They intended to bring back the Royal Marines from St. Vincent Island to fortify the bluff. Due to the acute food shortage, the major devised a plan to send out noncommissioned officers who would train Native American warriors in their own towns and camps. This would eliminate the need to concentrate them at the bluff where they were likely to starve.

Things changed, however, as soon as the two officers reached the mouth of the Apalachicola. More on that in our next segment. Until then, learn more about British activities at Prospect Bluff and on the Gulf Coast during the War of 1812 by reading Dale Cox's acclaimed book: https://www.amazon.com/Fort-Prospect-Bluff-British-Apalachicola/dp/0578634627/

[Photo: Gen. Sir Edward Nicolls, Royal Marine Barracks]

08/07/2022

Part 18: The number of Red Sticks in Pensacola and the surrounding swamps by July 1814 was thought to be more than 2,000, at least 800 of whom were warriors. Capt. George Woodbine of the Royal Marines, now firmly lodged in the capital of Spanish West Florida, was shocked by their condition:

"The Indians that were driven into the Woods are now flocking in daily, the picture of wretchedness and misery displayed by these poor people beggars description, many with not a rag to cover them. I trust you will approve my having purchased some osnaburgs to cloth them. Those that I first saw are however beginning to look better, and I hope shortly to bring them all round so that they may do some credit to your protection. Ere my arrival they were dying in numbers daily, but a little assistance will not materially alter their appearance." [Capt. George Woodline to Adm. Sir Alexander Cochrane, August 9, 1814, from Dale Cox, The Fort at Prospect Bluff].

There is simply no way to know how many hundreds of Red Stick Creek men, women, and children died in South Alabama and Northwest Florida during the spring and summer of 1814. Starvation, disease, exposure, and the bullets of U.S. pursuers were the primary causes. Their bones moulder in the swamps to this day.

As the British and their allies worked to feed these refugees and strengthen their encampments at both Pensacola and Prospect Bluff, American spies observed their activities from close at hand. In Pensacola during July, John Morris watched Woodbine's efforts closely. He slipped out of the city at the end of July to carry his intelligence to Pierce's Mill near the blackened ruins of Fort Mims:

"He states that about ten days ago, some British officers called the Indians together, about a mile or two out of town, and gave them a talk; (no Americans, and but a few Spaniards were permitted to hear it) the Indians say that the British directs them not to kill women and children. They say that a number of the British were expected at Pensacola every day, and when they arrived, they should be supplied with arms, ammunition, and provisions. Two Britih vessels were said to have arrived the day before he, (Morris) came away." [W. and J. Pierce to Hon. Harry S. Toulmin, August 5, 1814, included in Dale Cox, The Fort at Prospect Bluff].

The American spy further reported that the British were "mustering, parading, and exercising the Indians." This description matches the account of Royal Marine noncommissioned officers providing light infantry training to Native American warriors at Prospect Bluff. The warriors who spoke with Morris were not thrilled with their training and promised him that they would not fight against the Americans, but thousands more flocked readily to the British camps.

Morris went on to report that Woodbine had placed a ring of warriors around Pensacola with orders to stop any Americans from entering the city. The American spy believed that the British planned an attack on Mobile, while a second column advanced via the "Cogeta" [the Conecuh]. He also warned that more British forces were reportedly on their way by sea to the Spanish capital.

This last warning was the first indication that American officials had of the coming of the overall commander of the effort in Northwest Florida, Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls. We will look closer at his arrival in our next post! To learn more before then, please read Dale Cox's book, https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B083TNQVLK&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_XQSKWVKH0DBJN1RPFFA3&tag=explorescom-20

Photo: A U.S. Coast Guard vessel steams into Pensacola Bay. British warships passed through this same channel in 1814 to bring supplies to desperate Red Stick Creeks who congregated at the city during its occupation by the Royal Marines.

08/03/2022

Part 17: As we resume our series, it is Summer 1814 and the British have landed in Spanish Pensacola. Small parties of Royal Marines also continue their work at St. Vincent Island and Prospect Bluff, distributing arms and ammunition to Red Stick Creek, Seminole, Miccosukee, and Yuchi warriors.

In Pensacola itself, Capt. Woodbine assumed command of the defenses of the city. In a report with important implications for historians and archaeologists studying not just the War of 1812, but also the American Revolution in Pensacola, the captain noted that his men rebuilt an important landmark of the 1781 Siege of Pensacola:

"With the Indians I am levelling a high hill, formerly a Fort (was constructed on it,) that commands the principal Fort (St. Michael) of this town, and am repairing it also, it being much out of order. The Governor has requested me to take possession of it, and defend the Town, which I will do with a body of white men, mulattoes & blacks that I am raising here, and encamp the Indians round it." - [Woodbine to Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, August 9, 1814, from Cox, The Fort at Prospect Bluff, page 63.]

Fort St. Michael or San Miguel was the well-known Fort George of the American Revolution, a small section of which has been reconstructred facing Palafox Street in Pensacola today. It was the primary defensive point in the British lines during the climactic Siege or Battle of Pensacola in 1781.

The "high hill, formerly a Fort" described by Woodbine was the site of the Prince of Wales Redoubt, a smaller fort that the British built about 300-yards north of Fort San Miguel. It also performed a critical role during the 1781 siege and stood near the modern intersection of Spring and Cervantes Streets. Woodbine's account of leveling the hilltop and building a new fortification on the site changes significantly the interpretation of any archaeological remains there, as does his description of "repairing" old Fort George/Fort San Miguel.

Woodbine's account from early August 1814 is of greater significance because he mentions for the first time that large numbers of local "white men, mulattoes & blacks" are joining his command. The captain is describing the formative moments of Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls' battalion of Colonial Marines, or what some writers have called the battalion of "Black British Marines." The latter discription is largely but not entirely true. The majority of the unit's members were of African decent, but it did include some Whites, Hispanics, and Native Americans as well.

Between Woodbine's June arrival in Pensacola and his report to Admiral Cochrane in early August, he demonstrated that he was an able recruiter. Men came into Fort San Miguel by the dozens to join the new battalion. Some, like Hugh McGill, were free Whites who lived in Pensacola. Others, Garcon for example, were self-liberated slaves who walked into the fort to declare their freedom and serve in the British military. Around them, noncommissioned officers of the Royal Marines continued to drill Red Stick warriors to prepare them for expected battle against American forces.

Our series will continue with the report of a U.S. spy who was observing the British activity in Pensacola!

[Photo: British cannon aim out over the wall of a restored section of Fort George/Fort San Miguel, located on Palafox Street near downtown Pensacola, Florida. Photo by Rachael Conrad Cox.]

To learn more, be sure to read: https://www.amazon.com/Fort-Prospect-Bluff-British-Apalachicola/dp/0578634627/

07/27/2022

U.S. forces destroyed The Fort at Prospect Bluff 206 years ago today. The end came after a fierce week-long battle during which Garcon and the maroons who defended the fort successfully kept American attackers more than one-mile away from their walls through the use of artillery, Congreve rockets, infantry sortees, and superior tactics.

Many false claims have been made about what caused the terrible explosion that destroyed the citadel of the fort. Alexander Arbuthnot, the Bahamian trader who arrived among the Seminoles one year later, slandered his arch rival William Hambly (former commander of the fort) by suggesting that he was aboard the U.S. gunboats and helped them aim the cannon that fired the fatal shot. This was not true. Historians have insinuated or even outright claimed that the gunners of the fort were poorly trained or incapable of operating the heavy guns that Nicolls left for them when the British withdrew in 1815. Not only is this claim untrue, it also includes more than a small degree of racism.

In truth, the destruction of the Fort at Prospect Bluff - which U.S. authorities called the "Negro Fort" - was one of those almost inexplicable things that sometimes happens in history.

It happened like this....

At 5 a.m. on the morning of July 27, 1816, 206 years ago today, the two small Jeffersonian gunboats assigned to Sailing Master Jairus Loomis began to warp their way upriver from a point about 2-miles below the fort. As Garcon and others at the water battery on the edge of the bluff observed their approach, they opened fire with their heaviest piece of artillery, a 32-pounder. Cannon in the 19th-century were named for the weight of the solid iron cannon balls that they fired. The first shot from the fort missed.

The gunboats were very small, only about twice the length of many of the pleasure and fishing boats that people enjoy on the river today. Each was armed with a single 9-pounder, mounted in the bow. Because these guns were smaller, they could be loaded faster than the heavy 32-pounder and three 24-pounders that constituted the heaviest of the thirteen cannon in the fort. The sailors kept up barrages of fire as they slowly drew closer.

The fort was built in a manner devised by battle-experienced European engineers. It consisted of multiple tiers of defense surrounding an inner citadel that was octagonal in shape. The walls of this octagon were about 18-feet thick and 12 to 15-feet high. Additional cannon were mounted on a gun platform on top of the walls, with castle-like crenelations providing protection for the gunners.

The artillery fight intensified, but the gunners aboard the little ships knew that they stood no chance against the heavier cannon within the fort. Garcon and the artillery crews behind the strong walls of earth and wood were beginning to bracket the vessels and soon would mark their targets and sink them.

At this point, after both gunboats had fired four times, Sailing Master Bassett aboard #154 decided to elevate his 9-pounder to maximum elevation and hurl a shot as high and far as possible. The shot was heated in the boat's copper cooking pot until it was red hot in the hope that it would strike one of the structures around the fort and start a fire. No one either in the fort or on the boats expected what came next.

An eyewitness account of the incident that reached Col. Nicolls not long after indicated that the "hot shot" from Gunboat #154 streaked high over the river from a point about 1 3/4 miles from the fort. As far as all specifications go, it was fired from well beyond the maximum range of a 9-pounder cannon. In a fluke that still cannot be explained, the solid iron ball hit a tree that bent with the force of the impact instead of breaking. The tree - likely a pine - then whipped back, propelling the cannon ball in the direction of the center of the inner citadel of the fort.

When the shot finally struck ground, it did so at the very center of the fort, not far from where the tattered British flag flies today. Contrary to the on-again, off-again claims of some researchers, there was no "blockhouse" here. The citadel was a European-style grand battery, built in an octagonal design but using logs and earth instead of stone. A group of women and children were busy filling bags with cannon powder from buckets at the point where the flaming shot hit. The resulting flash of powder ignited a fire that quickly ran through the open door to the Grand Magazine.

According to the report provided to Col. Nicolls, the flames set off a rack of live howitzer shells just inside the entrance to the magazine. As these exploded, they ignited more than 150 kegs of powder in an explosion so big it could be felt more than 100-miles away in Pensacola.

In the blink of an eye, an estimated 270 men, women, and children were swept from the face of the earth. We will never know the real number. Despite talk to the media about mass graves by some in the U.S. Forest Service, the real truth is that those in the citadel - and that is where most of the people in the fort were located - were torn to pieces. Sailingmaster Loomis later told a friend in Louisiana that parts of people were buried all through the rubble of the destroyed fort. A surgeon with the 4th Regiment, U.S. Infantry, wrote to his father that human remains were scattered over an area of one-square mile.

The entire fort is one enormous mass grave. It is also the site where the largest settlement of free Blacks in North America died on July 27, 1816. And it is the place where the stockpile of arms and ammunition meant to help the Seminole, Miccosukee, and Lower Creek people protect themselves and their lands against U.S. aggression was destroyed.

If you would like to read more, please consider my book' The Fort at Prospect Bluff: https://www.amazon.com/Fort-Prospect-Bluff-British-Apalachicola/dp/0578634627/

07/10/2022

206 years ago today, Jeffersonian gunboats #149 and #154 arrived off the mouth of the Apalachicola River to take part in the attack on the at Prospect Bluff, . It was July 10, 1816.

[Note: We interrupt our continuing series on the British occupation of the fort to discuss this month's anniversary of the battle and explosion that took place there. We will resume it in August.]

The two little gunboats, each of which was armed only with one 9-pounder cannon, came from their station at Pass Christian, Mississippi. They were commanded by Sailing Master Jairus Loomis of the U.S. Navy and had been ordered to es**rt two leased transport vessels, the "General Pike" and the "Semelante," which carried ordnance supplies and other necessities for two new U.S. Army posts recently established on the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers in Southwest Georgia.

including Jean were active on the Gulf of Mexico in those days, so Brig. Gen. Edmund P. Gaines of the army and Commodore Daniel Patterson of the navy used their activities as a pretext to add the firepower of the two gunboats to supply mission. Loomis was instructed to convey the "General Pike" and "Semelante" safely past the Fort at Prospect Bluff. If any resistance was encountered, he was to assist the army in destroying the fort, despite the fact that it did not stand on U.S. soil.

In fact, the legality of the entire operation was questionable, which may be why the individual sent by the U.S. Navy to command it was a sailing master instead of an officer. A sailing master in the navy of 1816 was a warrant officer who ranked above midshipmen, but below the lowest grade of officer. In the British navy they were trained in navigation. The rank only existed for one more year before it was re-designated to "passed midshipman."

Not only was the Fort at Prospect Bluff in Spanish Florida, the entire Apalachicola River flowed through Spanish and Native American territory. Not one single inch of the river was in the United States. The U.S. had no legal right right to use it without obtaining permission from Spain and paying appropriate duties through the Spanish government in Pensacola. And yet, that is exactly what the flotilla that arrived off the mouth of the river 206 years ago today planned to do.

[Photo: The mouth of the Apalachicola River.]

More about this in the next post. To learn more until then, please consider Dale Cox's book https://www.amazon.com/Fort-Prospect-Bluff-British-Apalachicola/dp/0578634627/