02/12/2024
We, at Hampton Roads Regional Jail, recognize the trail blazed by the late Katherine G. Johnson, Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson, who were pioneers in Aeronautics and broke barriers for women of color in a field traditionally dominated by men. These three Black women became known as “human calculators” at NASA Research Center in Hampton, VA, for their abilities to perform complicated math functions currently executed by artificial intelligence.
Katherine Johnson graduated from West Virginia State College with a degree in Mathematics at age 15. In 1953, she began a career with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a subsidiary of NASA. Her curiosity for the how’s and why’s of space, and her expertise in geometry, positioned her to be on the team that set the trajectory for space travel. In 1969, she participated in the inaugural launch of the first man on the moon.
Johnson was an innovator in Aeronautics. She received many prestigious awards, with the most notable being the Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2015 and the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility named in her honor in 2017. Among other awards were the NASA Lunar Orbiter Award, three NASA Special Achievement Awards, and Mathematician of the Year in 1997 by the National Technical Association.
Prior to the movie Hidden Figures, NASA’s pioneer Dorothy Vaughan, who was head of (NACA’s) segregated West Area Computing Unit from 1949 until 1958, was not well known. Yet Vaughan, a respected mathematician and NASA’s first African-American manager, was NACA’s first Black supervisor, and one of a few female managers.
Arriving at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1943, the Section Head title gave Vaughn rare Laboratory-wide visibility. She collaborated with other well know white “human computers” on projects such as compiling a handbook for algebraic methods for calculating machines. Engineers valued her recommendations on employees necessary to work on targeted projects. For challenging assignments, leadership often requested that Vaughn personally handle the work.
Mary Jackson landed at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory’s segregated west area computing section in 1951, reporting to Dorothy Vaughn, after three career changes. Her Bachelors in Mathematics and Physical Science from Hampton Institute in 1942, catapulted her into a position in the 4X4 foot supersonic pressure tunnel, where she subsequently became NASA’s first Black Engineer in 1958. After concluding that she could not break the glass ceiling to upper management, she took a demotion to become Langley’s Federal Women’s Program Manager, a position where she could impact hiring of the next generation of NASA’s female mathematicians, Engineers and Scientists.
Jackson retired in 1985, after receiving the Apollo Group Achievement Award, and being named Langley’s Volunteer of the Year. She chaired of one of the center’s annual United Way campaigns, was a Girl Scout troop leader for more than three decades, and a member of the National Technical Association (the oldest African American technical organization in the United States).