06/19/2026
On June 19, 1865, U.S. Army Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger proclaimed the end of slavery at Galveston, Texas.
News of emancipation spread north to the enslaved people in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) at different times during the summer of 1865. However, emancipation was not immediate for all enslaved people—it was enforced later through the Reconstruction Treaties of 1866.
Photo of Robert and Sofa Williams, Muscogee (Creek) freedmen, c. 1935 (14373.B, Works Progress Administration Collection, OHS)