09/04/2026
District elections do not work in our small town.
CAL BERKELEY LAW REVIEW explains in detail:
Beyond District Lines: Rethinking the California Voting Rights Act’s Promise of Fair Representation
August issue of CA Law Review says it all on at-large vs district voting in small communities like Ojai…
OVERVIEW
The California Law Review — published by the UC Berkeley School of Law — released a significant peer-reviewed study in August 2026 examining the effectiveness of the California Voting Rights Act and district-based elections across California. The findings are directly relevant to Ojai's current ballot initiative and provide substantial academic support for returning to at-large elections.
KEY FINDING 1: District Voting Fails Without Three Specific Conditions
Districts do not work in small towns with a small group of electors.
The study identifies three conditions that must exist simultaneously for district voting to meaningfully increase minority representation:
1. The minority population must be sufficiently large
2. The minority population must be geographically concentrated in one area
3. Voting must be racially polarized
They conclude plainly that when these conditions are not present — particularly when minority voters are dispersed throughout a jurisdiction rather than concentrated in a specific geographic area — district voting provides no meaningful benefit to minority communities and can actually reduce their overall electoral influence.
Ojai meets none of these three conditions at the scale required to justify district elections.
Ojai's Latino and Asian American communities are distributed across all four districts. No single district has a minority population large or concentrated enough to constitute a meaningful voting bloc under the district system. Spreading these voters across four separate micro-districts does not amplify their voice. It fragments it.
The authors argue that California law should now be reformed to allow local governments to pursue election systems best suited to their specific circumstances — rather than defaulting to district voting as a one-size-fits-all solution.
In Ojai's case, council seats have been won with as few as 345 votes — representing a fraction of the city's registered voters — while the vast majority of Ojai residents had no say in those outcomes. Since 2020 districts limit vote to only 2 seats now: their district representative and Mayor. This is precisely working against fair representation of council members for all voters in small towns like Ojai. And we see incumbent Whitman in District 3, running unopposed! So we don't get options or a chance to replace him with someone new...
The California Voting Rights Act (CVRA) spurred hundreds of cities, school districts, and other local governments to transition from at-large to district-based elections. Although the CVRA attempts to address racial vote dilution, this Note finds that the CVRA creates unique incentives to adopt dist