The Famous Marching Presidents

The Famous Marching Presidents The Famous Marching Presidents group is the only of its kind, this side of the Mississippi River.

All United States Presidents, with their wives, march down Broad Street in quaint little Nevada City, CA at the Constitution Day Parade every September.

On March 7, 1777, Continental Congressman John Adams writes three letters to and receives two letters from his wife, Abi...
03/07/2026

On March 7, 1777, Continental Congressman John Adams writes three letters to and receives two letters from his wife, Abigail. He is with Congress in Philadelphia, while she maintains their farm in Braintree, Massachusetts.
Mrs. President: Abigail Adams

Was she really one of America’s first feminists? Meet Abigail Adams and find out what she meant when she asked her husband John to “remember the ladies.”
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The remarkable correspondence between Abigail and John Adams—numbering 1,160 letters in total—covered topics ranging from politics and military strategy to household economy and family health. Their mutual respect and adoration served as evidence that even in an age when women were unable to vote, there were nonetheless marriages in which wives and husbands were true intellectual and emotional equals.

In the second letter John drafted to Abigail on March 7, he declared that Philadelphia had lost its vibrancy during Congress’ removal to Baltimore. "This City is a dull Place, in Comparason [sic] of what it was. More than one half the Inhabitants have removed to the Country, as it was their Wisdom to do—the Remainder are chiefly Quakers as dull as Beetles. From these neither good is to be expected nor Evil to be apprehended. They are a kind of neutral Tribe, or the Race of the insipids."

In the letters John received, which Abigail had written in February, she bemoaned not only the difficulty of correspondence during war, but also of the lack of military fervor demonstrated by the New Englanders around her. She wrote that she awaited greater patriotism, greater prosperity and future correspondence from her beloved husband to his devoted Portia. (Portia, Adams’ nickname for his wife was likely a reference to the intelligent and devoted heroine of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.)

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, initiating a controversial World War I...
02/19/2026

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, initiating a controversial World War II policy with lasting consequences for Japanese Americans. The document ordered the forced removal of resident "enemy aliens" from parts of the West vaguely identified as military areas.
Flashback: How Japanese Americans Were Forced Into Concentration Camps During WWII
The internment of Japanese Americans began after President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. For the following three years, American men, women, and children were forced to live under prison-like conditions in remote concentration camps. This 1943 film explains the internment from the U.S. government's perspective.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in 1941, Roosevelt came under increasing pressure by military and political advisors to address the nation’s fears of further Japanese attack or sabotage, particularly on the West Coast, where naval ports, commercial shipping and agriculture were most vulnerable. Included in the off-limits military areas referred to in the order were ill-defined areas around West Coast cities, ports and industrial and agricultural regions. While 9066 also affected Italian and German Americans, the largest numbers of detainees were by far Japanese Americans.
On the West Coast, long-standing racism against Japanese Americans, motivated in part by jealousy over their commercial success, erupted after Pearl Harbor into furious demands to remove them en masse to Relocation Centers for the duration of the war.
Japanese immigrants and their descendants, regardless of American citizenship status or length of residence, were systematically rounded up and placed in prison camps. Evacuees, as they were sometimes called, could take only as many possessions as they could carry and were forcibly placed in crude, cramped quarters. In the western states, camps on remote and barren sites such as Manzanar and Tule Lake housed thousands of families whose lives were interrupted and in some cases destroyed by Executive Order 9066. Many lost businesses, farms and loved ones as a result.
Executive Order 9066 (Feb 1942) forced 117,000 Japanese Americans to move.
Roosevelt delegated enforcement of 9066 to the War Department, telling Secretary of War Henry Stimson to be as reasonable as possible in executing the order. Attorney General Francis Biddle recalled Roosevelt’s grim determination to do whatever he thought was necessary to win the war. Biddle observed that Roosevelt was not much concerned with the gravity or implications of issuing an order that essentially contradicted the Bill of Rights.
In her memoirs, Eleanor Roosevelt recalled being completely floored by her husband’s action. A fierce proponent of civil rights, Eleanor hoped to change Roosevelt’s mind, but when she brought the subject up with him, he interrupted her and told her never to mention it again.
During the war, the U.S. Supreme Court heard two cases challenging the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, upholding it both times. Finally, on February 19, 1976, decades after the war, Gerald Ford signed an order prohibiting the executive branch from re-instituting the notorious and tragic World War II order. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan issued a public apology on behalf of the government and authorized return.

On February 17, 1801, Thomas Jefferson is elected the third president of the United States. The election constitutes the...
02/17/2026

On February 17, 1801, Thomas Jefferson is elected the third president of the United States. The election constitutes the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in the United States.
By 1800, when he decided to run for president, Thomas Jefferson possessed impressive political credentials and was well-suited to the presidency. In addition to drafting the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson had served in two Continental Congresses, as minister to France, as secretary of state under George Washington and as John Adams’ vice president.
Vicious partisan warfare characterized the campaign of 1800 between Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr and Federalists John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney and John Jay. The election highlighted the ongoing battle between Democratic-Republican supporters of the French, who were embroiled in their own bloody revolution, and the pro-British Federalists who wanted to implement English-style policies in American government. The Federalists abhorred the French revolutionaries’ overzealous use of the guillotine and, as a result, were less forgiving in their foreign policy toward the French. They advocated a strong centralized government, a standing military and financial support of emerging industries.
In contrast, Jefferson’s Republicans preferred limited government, unadulterated states’ rights and a primarily agrarian economy. They feared that Federalists would abandon revolutionary ideals and revert to the English monarchical tradition. As secretary of state under Washington, Jefferson opposed Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton’s proposal to increase military expenditures and resigned when Washington supported the leading Federalist’s plan for a national bank.
After a bloodless but ugly campaign in which candidates and influential supporters on both sides used the press, often anonymously, as a forum to fire slanderous volleys at each other, the then-laborious and confusing process of voting began in April 1800. Individual states scheduled elections at different times and although Jefferson and Burr ran on the same ticket, as president and vice president respectively, the Constitution still demanded votes for each individual to be counted separately. As a result, by the end of January 1801, Jefferson and Burr emerged tied at 73 electoral votes apiece. Adams came in third at 65 votes.
This unintended result sent the final vote to the House of Representatives. Sticklers in the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives insisted on following the Constitution’s flawed rules and refused to elect Jefferson and Burr together on the same ticket. The highly influential Federalist Alexander Hamilton, who mistrusted Jefferson but hated Burr more, persuaded the House to vote against Burr, whom he called the most unfit man for the office of president. (This accusation and others led Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel in 1804 that resulted in Hamilton’s death.) Two weeks before the scheduled inauguration, Jefferson emerged victorious and Burr was confirmed as his vice president.
A contingent of sword-bearing soldiers escorted the new president to his inauguration on March 4, 1801, illustrating the contentious nature of the election and the victors’ fear of reprisal. In his inaugural address, Jefferson sought to heal political differences by graciously declaring, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."
As president, Jefferson made some concessions to his opponents, including taking Hamilton’s advice to strengthen the American Navy. In 1801, Jefferson sent naval squadrons and Marines to suppress Barbary piracy against American shipping. He reduced the national debt by one-third, acquired the Louisiana Territory, and his sponsorship of the Lewis and Clark expedition opened the West to exploration and settlement. Jefferson’s first term ended in relative stability and prosperity, and in 1804 he was overwhelmingly elected to a second term.
The flawed voting system that was so problematic in the election of 1800 was later improved by the 12th Amendment, which was ratified in 1804.

Future U.S. president Abraham Lincoln is born in Hodgenville, Kentucky on February 12, 1809.Lincoln, one of America’s mo...
02/12/2026

Future U.S. president Abraham Lincoln is born in Hodgenville, Kentucky on February 12, 1809.
Lincoln, one of America’s most admired presidents, grew up a member of a poor family in Kentucky and Indiana. He attended school for only one year, but thereafter read on his own in a continual effort to improve his mind. As an adult, he lived in Illinois and performed a variety of jobs including stints as a postmaster, surveyor and shopkeeper, before entering politics. He served in the Illinois legislature from 1834 to 1842 and in Congress from 1847-1849, and then became an attorney. In 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd; together, the pair raised four sons.
Abraham Lincoln
Today he is known as one of the greatest American presidents, but at the time of his election no one would have predicted Lincoln's success.
Lincoln returned to politics during the 1850s, a time when the nation’s long-standing division over slavery was flaring up, particularly in new territories being added to the Union. As leader of the new Republican Party, Lincoln was considered politically moderate, even on the issue of slavery. He advocated the restriction of slavery to the states in which it already existed and described the practice in a letter as a minor issue as late as 1854. In an 1858 senatorial race, as secessionist sentiment brewed among the southern states, he warned, a house divided against itself cannot stand. He did not win the Senate seat but earned national recognition as a strong political force. Lincoln’s inspiring oratory soothed a populace anxious about southern states’ secessionist threats and boosted his popularity.
As a presidential candidate in the election of 1860, Lincoln tried to reassure slaveholding interests that although he favored abolition, he had no intention of ending the practice in states where it already existed and prioritized saving the Union over freeing enslaved people. When he won the presidency by approximately 400,000 popular votes and carried the Electoral College, he was in effect handed a ticking time bomb. His concessions to slaveholders failed to prevent South Carolina from leading other states in an exodus from the Union that began shortly after his election. By February 1, 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas had also seceded. Soon after, the Civil War began. As the war progressed, Lincoln moved closer to committing himself and the nation to the abolitionist movement and, in 1863, finally signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The document freed enslaved people in the Confederate states, but did not address the legality of slavery in Missouri, Kansas, or Arkansas, or what was then the Nebraska Territory.
A definitive biography of the 16th U.S. president, the man who led the country during its bloodiest war and greatest crisis.
Lincoln was the tallest president at 6′ 4. As a young man, he impressed others with his sheer physical strength—he was a legendary wrestler in Illinois—and entertained friends and strangers alike with his dry, folksy wit, which was still in evidence years later. Exasperated by one Civil War military defeat after another, Lincoln wrote to a lethargic general if you are not using the army I should like to borrow it for awhile. An animal lover, Lincoln once declared, “I care not for a man’s religion whose dog and cat are not the better for it.” Fittingly, a variety of pets took up residence at the Lincoln White House, including a pet turkey named Jack and a goat called Nanko. Lincoln’s son Tad frequently hitched Nanko to a small wagon and drove around the White House grounds.
Lincoln’s sense of humor may have helped him to hide recurring bouts of depression. He admitted to friends and colleagues that he suffered from intense melancholia and hypochondria most of his adult life. Perhaps in order to cope with it, Lincoln engaged in self-effacing humor, even chiding himself about his famously homely looks. When an opponent in an 1858 Senate race debate called him two-faced, he replied, If I had another face do you think I would wear this one?
Lincoln is remembered as The Great Emancipator. Although he waffled on the subject of slavery in the early years of his presidency, his greatest legacy was his work to preserve the Union and his signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. To Confederate sympathizers, however, Lincoln’s signing of the Emancipation Proclamation reinforced his image as a hated despot and ultimately led John Wilkes Booth to assassinate him on April 14, 1865. His favorite horse, Old Bob, was part of the funeral procession. ''

On February 9, 1773, future President William Henry Harrison is born on the Berkeley Plantation in Virginia.Harrison wen...
02/09/2026

On February 9, 1773, future President William Henry Harrison is born on the Berkeley Plantation in Virginia.

Harrison went on to serve as the ninth U.S. president for a brief 32 days in 1841, the shortest term ever served. Harrison is also credited with the record for the longest inaugural address in history. Delivered on a bitterly cold March morning, it clocked in at one hour and 45 minutes. He was also the last president to be born an English subject.
William Henry Harrison

A native of Virginia, Harrison grew up in a wealthy, politically active household–his father served as governor of Virginia for three terms. He attended college with the intent of studying medicine, but opted to join the army before finishing his degree. As a soldier, Harrison earned a reputation for bravery for his participation in the Indian Wars of the Northwest Territories and the Battle of the Thames River in Ontario during the War of 1812. John Adams appointed Harrison secretary of the Northwest Territories (present-day Indiana and Illinois) in 1798 and shortly thereafter he accepted Adam’s offer to serve as the region’s governor.

In 1811, Harrison earned the nickname Old Tippecanoe after leading a brutal, but successful, attack against Tecumseh’s Shawnee tribe at Tippecanoe Creek in what is now Indiana. As governor, Harrison drew up several restrictive and one-sided treaties with Native American tribes who held desirable land. In one of his stingiest treaties, he agreed to pay a tribe a mere one cent for every 200 acres, a deal which gave the United States 51 million acres for a pittance and opened a wide swath of the West to white settlement.

Harrison married Anna Tuthill Symmes in 1795. The couple had eight children of their own; Harrison also adopted Anna’s son John from a previous marriage. Six of his children died prior to Harrison’s campaign for the presidency. Daughters Mary and Elizabeth survived their father, but only by several years. His last remaining child, Anna, died in 1865.

Boosted by a successful military and political career, which included stints in the U.S. Congress, Ohio Senate and as U.S. ambassador to Colombia, Harrison ran for president in 1840, choosing John Tyler to run with him on the Whig Party ticket. Much to the horror of the political establishment, the two men campaigned vigorously, setting the tone for future campaigns. They employed catchy campaign slogans such as Tippecanoe and Tyler, too, and held boisterous rallies during which they handed out free bottles of hard cider housed in little log cabin-shaped bottles.

Harrison caught a cold on the day of his inauguration that lingered, eventually turning into a fatal case of pneumonia. Some historical records indicate that doctor-prescribed remedies for the pneumonia also gave Harrison a deadly case of hepatitis. He died on April 4, 1841, leaving behind his widow Anna and three surviving children. His grandson, Benjamin, followed in Harrison’s political footsteps, serving a full term as president from 1889 to 1893.

As no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the election of 1824, the U.S. House of Represent...
02/09/2026

As no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the election of 1824, the U.S. House of Representatives votes to elect John Quincy Adams, who won fewer votes than Andrew Jackson in the popular election, as president of the United States. Adams was the son of John Adams, the second president of the United States.
In the 1824 election, 131 electoral votes, just over half of the 261 total, were necessary to elect a candidate president. Although it had no bearing on the outcome of the election, popular votes were counted for the first time in this election. On December 1, 1824, the results were announced. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee won 99 electoral and 153,544 popular votes; John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts received 84 electoral and 108,740 popular votes; Secretary of State William H. Crawford, who had suffered a stroke before the election, received 41 electoral votes; and Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky won 37 electoral votes.
As dictated by the U.S. Constitution, the presidential election was then turned over to the House of Representatives. The 12th Amendment states that if no electoral majority is won, only the three candidates who receive the most electoral votes will be considered in the House.
Representative Henry Clay, who was disqualified from the House vote as a fourth-place candidate, agreed to use his influence to have John Quincy Adams elected. Clay and Adams were both members of a loose coalition in Congress that by 1828 became known as the National Republicans, while Jackson’s supporters were later organized into the Democratic Party.
Thanks to Clay’s backing, on February 9, 1825, the House elected Adams as president of the United States. When Adams then appointed Clay to the top Cabinet post of secretary of state, Jackson and his supporters derided the appointment as the fulfillment of a corrupt bargain.
With little popular support, Adams’ time in the White House was for the most part ineffectual, and the so-called Corrupt Bargain continued to haunt his administration. In 1828, he was defeated in his reelection bid by Andrew Jackson, who received more than twice as many electoral votes than Adams.

On January 31, 1865, the U.S. House of Representatives passes the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery...
01/31/2026

On January 31, 1865, the U.S. House of Representatives passes the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery in America. The amendment read, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude…shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
When the Civil War began, President Abraham Lincoln’s professed goal was the restoration of the Union. But early in the war, the Union began keeping escaped enslaved people rather than returning them to their owners, so slavery essentially ended wherever the Union army was victorious. In September 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all enslaved people in areas that were still in rebellion against the Union. This measure opened the issue of what to do about slavery in border states that had not seceded or in areas that had been captured by the Union before the proclamation.
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Sparky Sez " Hal Degraw you make me smille when I think how wonderful you were as a Famous Marching Presidents as P...
01/18/2026

Sparky Sez " Hal Degraw you make me smille when I think how wonderful you were as a Famous Marching Presidents as President Rutherford B Hayes. Sharp dancer too ! Hal is seen here dancing with Karen Chizek, First Lady Francis Cleveland, to the Nevada County Concert Band during Nevada Cjty's Saturday Night Concert Constitution Day Weekend. Hal ... Mr President you will be so missed. Photo by Frank Chizek. ''

Sparky Sez " When I was on the Nevada City Council I was always happy to see Hal. A fine Human was he. RIP my friend ...
01/17/2026

Sparky Sez " When I was on the Nevada City Council I was always happy to see Hal. A fine Human was he. RIP my friend ! ... Harold "Hal" E. DeGraw
December 22, 2025
Harold "Hal" E. DeGraw - a well-respected man, dedicated public servant and faithful supporter of the Nevada County community - passed away unexpectedly on December 22, 2025, at the age of 82. Known for his steady, quiet commitment to everything he did, his life embodied the Rotary motto, "Service Above Self."
Born in Mason City, Iowa, to Edward and Vera DeGraw, Hal grew up on the family farm, where he learned responsibility and the value of hard work. In his youth, he excelled in every endeavor, from achieving the rank of Eagle Scout to graduating as his high schools Salutatorian.
He initially considered a career as an architect, influenced by his towns connection to Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie School, but ultimately chose a different path when he enrolled at the University of Oklahoma (Go Sooners!). After graduating, like so many Midwesterners in search of warmer winters, Hal headed to San Francisco to attend Hastings Law School, where he pursued his law degree and served on the Law Review. This marked the beginning of his 51-year legal career in California.
After time in private law practice in Southern California - where he married Joanne Davenport and helped raise his stepchildren, Jill and Bob - Hal answered a call in 1988 from Nevada County to continue his career in the County Counsel's Office. Serving as Chief Deputy, Assistant, and Interim County Counsel, he became the county's expert in Land Use and a trusted advisor to the Planning Commission. He also served as the Attorney for Nevada City for a decade through the law firm Jones & Mayer. One of his proudest achievements was in helping Nevada City acquire Sugar Loaf Mountain. Hal loved practicing law in Nevada County and was well respected by his peers. He retired after 32 years of local public service.
Outside his professional life, Hal was truly a Citizen of the World and happiest when helping others. As a charter member of the 49er Breakfast Rotary Club of Nevada City, he participated in local projects as well as humanitarian missions to Nepal, Uganda, Papua New Guinea, Peru, and Colombia. He was honored with the California State Assembly's Humanitarian of the Year Award, the Rotary International Presidents Citation for Meritorious Service, and the Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital Foundations Humanitarian of the Year Award.
Hal also found time to serve on the board of the Nevada Union High School Scholarship Committee, portrayed President Rutherford B. Hayes in the Marching Presidents, and founded the Nevada County Pétanque Club, introducing many to the game he loved. While traveling in France, he once asked to join a local group for a round and surprised them by proudly winning! He also gathered a weekly coffee klatsch of his longtime friends, who miss him dearly. As one friend described him, "He was a great listener and didn't talk a lot-but when he did, we all listened."
When time allowed, Hal was an avid reader, loved skiing and traveling. He also enjoyed animation and all things Disney. He will be missed walking to Java Johns for his morning mocha and cinnamon roll, and for keeping up with local downtown happenings.
Above all, Hal was a family man. He married Barbara DeGraw in May 1994 and was a loving and devoted husband and father. His daughter, Taylor, shared that he was the best father - always there for the moments that mattered most. His stepdaughter, Jill, agreed, saying Hal was absolutely the best dad and how very lucky she was to have him in her life. Hal was smart, good, kind, trustworthy, and steadfast. His stepson, Bob, added that he was also "patient, tolerant, compassionate, empathetic, endlessly curious, adventurous, funny, and playful person." If you didn't know him, you missed out on a truly good soul.
Hal is survived by his wife, Barbara; children Taylor DeGraw, Jill (Tom) Cotten, and Bob (Cori) Davenport; grandchildren EJ, Joanne, Luke, and Lance; and great-grandchild Henley. He is also survived by his sisters Laura (Howard, deceased) Shanks, Ruth (Ken) Rice, sister-in-law Rosie DeGraw and his Texas family by his first wife. He was predeceased by his brother Lyle DeGraw, his first wife Joanne DeGraw, and his parents, Vera and Edward DeGraw.
A memorial service will be held on Saturday, March 21, 2026 at Holy Trinity Episcopal Church in Nevada City, CA at 11:00am. In lieu of flowers, please consider a charitable donation to Rotary (49er Breakfast Rotary Club of Nevada City), the Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital Foundation, or a charity of your choice that reflects the life of Hal. ''

January 6 is a wedding anniversary for two presidents: George Washington and George H.W. Bush.In 1759, a 26-year-old Geo...
01/06/2026

January 6 is a wedding anniversary for two presidents: George Washington and George H.W. Bush.

In 1759, a 26-year-old George Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis. The recently widowed, Virginia-born Martha was an educated mother of two. George Washington–then a rising young officer in the colonial British army–moved his new bride and family to his estate at Mount Vernon. Washington soon adopted Martha’s two young children, Jack and Patsy. The couple was married until his death in 1799, a 40-year union.
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Historical documents have since revealed that Martha may not have been the great love of Washington’s life. A year before his marriage to Martha and again in his later years, Washington wrote cryptic yet passionate love letters to Sally Fairfax, the wife of his friend George Fairfax. Nevertheless, he resigned his British military commission to marry Martha. Forsaking passion for propriety, Washington settled down to a genteel aristocratic lifestyle with his new wife. Although they had no offspring of their own, he doted on his adopted children and respected Martha’s parenting decisions. For her part, Martha was a devoted spouse, often accompanying Washington to headquarters during the Revolutionary War. The historical record of George and Martha’s marriage is scant since Martha burned all of the couple’s letters after George’s death, in accordance with his wishes.

Almost two hundred years later, in 1945, George Herbert Walker Bush, already a decorated WWII hero, married his 18-year-old sweetheart, Barbara Pierce. Shortly after the honeymoon, Bush returned to combat duty. After the war, Bush completed his studies at Yale and embarked on an illustrious business and political career, which culminated in his election to the presidency in 1988. He died in 2018.

In addition to supporting her husband’s political career, Barbara Bush raised five children, including one future president, George Walker Bush, and one future governor of Florida, Jeb Bush. According to her biography, she coordinated no less than 29 family moves in 44 years of marriage. Barbara, whose name became synonymous with down-to-earth, old-fashioned American values, was popular with the American public both during and after her husband’s presidency. First Lady Bush died in 2018.

Following ratification by the state of Virginia, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known collectively as...
12/15/2025

Following ratification by the state of Virginia, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, become the law of the land.

In September 1789, the first Congress of the United States approved 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution and sent them to the states for ratification. The amendments were designed to protect the basic rights of U.S. citizens, guaranteeing the freedom of speech, press, assembly, and exercise of religion; the right to fair legal procedure and to bear arms; and that powers not delegated to the federal government would be reserved for the states and the people.

Influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Bill of Rights was also drawn from Virginia’s Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason in 1776. Mason, a native Virginian, was a lifelong champion of individual liberties, and in 1787 he attended the Constitutional Convention and criticized the final document for lacking constitutional protection of basic political rights. In the ratification struggle that followed, Mason and other critics agreed to support the Constitution in exchange for the assurance that amendments would be passed immediately.

On December 15, 1791, Virginia became the 10th of 14 states to approve 10 of the 12 amendments, thus giving the Bill of Rights the majority of state ratification necessary to make it legal. Of the two amendments not ratified, the first concerned the population system of representation, while the second prohibited laws varying the payment of congressional members from taking effect until an election intervened. The first of these two amendments was never ratified, while the second was finally ratified more than 200 years later, in 1992.

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