09/24/2025
Feral b***os Threaten sonoran desert, wildlife
PHOENIX — A recent study by biologists at the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) found that non-native, feral b***os are having a negative impact on some keystone plant species in Arizona’s Sonoran Desert landscape. These changes in habitat are already harming some species of wildlife and may pose a challenge to more species in the future.
“For a number of years in areas with b***os, our biologists anecdotally observed trees that were over-browsed and that had ripped bark and branches,” said Clay Crowder, AZGFD assistant director, Wildlife Management Division. “We initiated this study to have concrete data and a better understanding of the impact that the b***os have on wildlife and their habitats.”
For the study, biologists chose the areas in and around Lake Havasu and Lake Pleasant. These locations were ideal because they included both areas with herds of b***os as well as nearby areas with similar vegetation types, but without b***os present
Biologists established transects at multiple sampling sites where they measured vegetation metrics, such as size, density, foliage density and, for some species, age structure. They also recorded evidence of wildlife such as tracks and dung piles. They looked for signs of deer and bighorn sheep and collected data on small mammals, reptiles and birds.
“Our most significant findings were related to the vegetation,” said Esther Rubin, AZGFD Research Branch chief. “In one of the primary vegetation types, the ground cover was 30% lower in b***o areas. Plant and foliage density was also lower and some of the plant species were smaller – but some of the most concerning findings had to do with palo verde trees, ironwood trees and saguaro cacti.”
Both palo verde and ironwood trees are common to the Sonoran Desert and can live for upwards of 100 years and beyond. In their natural state, these trees grow very full and bush-like, with overhanging branches often touching the ground and creating a refuge of shade and protection for wildlife and for other plants. For this reason, palo verde and ironwood trees have been referred to as “nurse plants” because they provide protection to young plants of multiple species. In areas with b***o presence, that protective habitat is being destroyed.
“When you see these trees on the landscape, everything from b***o height down is completely eaten,” Rubin said. “And when you get closer, you can see teeth marks where the b***os chewed and ripped the bark away, which can eventually kill the tree.”
When these trees are damaged and no longer provide shady refuge, many plant and wildlife species are negatively affected, but there is one Sonoran Desert native that is being hit particularly hard in active b***o areas: the iconic saguaro cactus. Taking about a decade to grow just a few inches, saguaros depend on trees like the palo verde to be their “nurse plants,” providing the protection they need to make it to adulthood. In areas with b***o presence, the study found a 63% lower ratio of young to adult saguaros.
“Saguaros are considered a keystone species, providing cover or forage for over 100 species of animals,” Rubin said. “Reduced recruitment of saguaros could have negative effects on the habitat and wildlife for decades, possibly centuries.”
Unlike native ungulates living in the Sonoran Desert – think bighorn sheep and mule deer – b***os possess several physiological traits that cause them to use and impact vegetation differently.
“B***os and other equids have a less efficient digestive system than bighorn sheep and deer. So b***os need to consume more plant material than an animal of equal size,” Rubin said. “B***os also have upper incisors that allow them to grab and tear vegetation in a way that native wildlife cannot.”
Despite the negative effect b***os have on wildlife habitat, AZGFD does not manage these animals. B***os are protected under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and B***os Act of 1971 and are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and, in some cases, the U.S. Forest Service. The BLM established seven herd management areas (HMAs) in Arizona and each HMA was evaluated to determine how many b***os that landscape could support while maintaining what the Federal government refers to as a “thriving natural ecological balance”. This number is known as the appropriate management level (AML).
“If you add all of the HMAs in Arizona together, the BLM has determined that the collective appropriate number is about 1,400 b***os,” Rubin said. “The BLM estimate for the state is about 10,000 b***os, and this doesn’t include the many b***os that have spread to non-HMA areas. The actual number is likely much higher.”
B***o numbers are far above recommended levels — and growing, at a rate of about 20% a year. B***os have also spread beyond designated HMAs, leaving many uncounted and unmanaged. Add to that their ability to thrive in the desert even when vegetation is poor, and it’s easy to see how Arizona ended up with a b***o overpopulation.
The BLM is responsible for monitoring b***o numbers and, when necessary, removing b***os from the landscape to holding areas. They also have an adoption program for b***os and there is research being done on fertility control. However, none of these are options that will quickly return b***o numbers to their appropriate management levels.
“The long-term effect of b***os on habitat remains a concern,” Crowder said. “The BLM has the legal requirement to manage b***os at numbers that maintain a thriving natural ecological balance, and our findings indicate that this requirement is not being met.”
The interplay between management difficulties and public fondness for the b***o is the topic of an upcoming documentary by Zala Films titled B***ocracy.
“When it comes to the b***o issue, no one is looking through the same lens,” said B***ocracy filmmaker Asali Echols. “Our hope is to take a step back from the disagreement and arguing, look at the topic from a broader sense, hear the different perspectives, and maybe there could be some new ideas about how to move forward.”
For now, Rubin hopes that this study will give AZGFD’s federal partners a better understanding of the effects that feral b***os are having on the Sonoran Desert’s habitats and wildlife.
“We manage the wildlife, and we need healthy habitat to support them,” Rubin said. “There are about 300 species that rely on the Sonoran Desert as their home, and I feel like the foundation of this home is crumbling — b***os are nibbling it away.”
