04/17/2026
Interesting story written by Ballotpedia, illustrates how Tennessee's policy on candidate ballot access is similar to most states. Read on...
In 1755, a 23-year-old George Washington decided to make his first run for elected office, seeking a seat representing Fairfax County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Behind that tale are some lesser-known details about how candidates were chosen at that time in our history: It is unclear if Washington knew beforehand that his name was submitted. Voting took place by voice with the voter announcing to the crowd their vote. During this first election, Washington only received 40 votes. There were two other candidates; Hugh West received 271 votes and Thomas Swearingen got 270. Washington kept a copy of the poll sheet, which listed how each person voted, his entire life.
How candidates appear on the ballot has changed markedly since then. Candidates have to meet residency, age, and citizenship requirements, such as those found for members of Congress in the Constitution’s Qualifications Clause. But these qualifications only tell part of the story about ballot access.
The rules vary by state, by the office someone wants to run for, and sometimes by party.
In some states, such as Wisconsin, a candidate’s sole option for getting on the ballot is to collect signatures on a petition nominating them for the office they seek. In states like Louisiana, a candidate can pay a filing fee instead of gathering signatures, though this option may be reserved for major-party candidates (meaning either the Democratic or Republican parties).
In Georgia, a major party candidate must pay a filing fee and cannot gather signatures. Some states, such as California, allow candidates to submit petition signatures to offset the filing fee.
If a candidate is running for local office in Louisiana, the requirements are the same as for those seeking statewide office. A candidate must pay a filing fee or gather signatures, with the fee and signature thresholds varying based on the office sought.
How many signatures and what fees a candidate must submit also vary from state to state. In Virginia, for example, someone who wants to run for a local school board has to gather 125 signatures from qualified voters in order to earn a place on the ballot, in Tennessee it is 25 qualified voter signatures. In Virginia, this requirement does not apply to a town with fewer than 1,500 registered voters. Then, no signatures are required for ballot access.
A candidate who wants to run for the U.S. Senate in Michigan has to gather 15,000 signatures, the highest requirement in the country. Kentucky requires just two signatures — the lowest in the country.
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, some states originally instituted candidate filing fees “to deter candidates perceived as frivolous, and to help pay for the administration of elections.” And those fees could be quite high, with “some from the 1960s and 1970s … close to $40,000 once adjusted for inflation.”
Supreme Court rulings have forced states and political parties to adjust their filing fees, resulting in many states charging no fee at all. Texas has the highest filing fee for a state Senate seat at $1,250. The lowest is in New Hampshire, at $10. For state House chambers, Texas and New Hampshire are also the highest and lowest, with Texas requiring a $750 fee and New Hampshire requiring a $2 fee.
Sometimes, political parties have a role in dictating the qualifications for candidates seeking to gain ballot access. This is the case in Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee and Mississippi, where parties determine the filing fee that a candidate for certain offices (such as governor, U.S. Senate, the state legislature, and state supreme court) must pay to appear on the ballot.
A half dozen states allow political parties to nominate candidates for the primary election ballot, allowing them to bypass the normal ballot access process. In Connecticut, for example, a candidate can become the party-endorsed candidate and qualify for the primary by receiving an endorsement at a party's convention
There is also the question of whether write-in candidates are allowed and, if so, whether they must first file papers with the state declaring their intent to be a write-in candidate in order to have their votes counted. Seven states do not permit write-in candidates at all, while 31 states, including Tennessee, require those candidates to register before the election in order to have their votes counted. In other states, voters may write in any name as a write-in vote, though some states may require registration for presidential and vice-presidential candidates.
One recent trend in ballot access policy relates to the qualifications that a candidate must have to appear on the ballot.
For instance, Florida recently passed legislation requiring candidates to sign an oath or affirmation of their U.S. citizenship and to disclose whether they are dual nationals. At least four states have introduced bills or constitutional amendments requiring candidates for some or all offices to be U.S. citizens. Wyoming passed legislation in 2026 prohibiting convicted s*x offenders from holding elected office. Washington County Election Commission