12/08/2020
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As the world’s largest living land mammal, elephants are a sight to behold. For most Filipinos, Mali the Manila Zoo’s elephant is their first and only encounter with the animal. But do you know that these gentle giants once roamed the Philippines about 750 thousand years ago? Or that there was at least one species with a shoulder height of only 1.2 meters?
Remains of ancient elephants have been discovered in Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan, Rizal, and Iloilo. Most of them are molars, tusk and bone fragments, belonging to large elephant species Palaeoxodon sp., Elephas namadicus, Elephas cf. namadicus, and Elephas sp. Based from the molar size, the size of these elephants is similar to that of the living Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), found today in India, Nepal, and Southeast Asia. Most of the fossils, however, are typically fragmented and do not allow further identification.
It seems, however, that not all Philippine elephants were giants. In 1911, a small lower molar, estimated at 9.5 cm in length, was reported in Cabarruyan Island (also known as Anda Island) in Pangasinan. This is the first fossil elephant found in Luzon. It belonged to a new extinct species, Elephas beyeri, named after Henry Otley Beyer, the Father of Philippine Anthropology. Based from the molar, E. beyeri is believed to be a species of dwarf elephant, having a shoulder height of only 1.2 meters. Compare this to the shoulder height of carabaos (1.5 to 1.8 meters). The cause of its dwarfism is suggested to be a response to the limited natural resources in a small environment, like the Luzon Island.
The Philippine elephants have long been extinct, and now we are in the brink of seeing their last living relative, the Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) for the last time. Unlike the African elephants (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis), which came out of endangerment, the Asian elephants continue to decline in population. Poaching, trophy hunting, and habitat destruction continue to threaten this species. You can help preserve them by not buying ivory products, and supporting the organizations that are actively committed to elephant preservation.
Text and poster by Jaan Nogot and Yloisa Magtalas/ NMP Geology and Paleontology Division
©National Museum of the Philippines (2020)