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Royal Higher Institute for Defence

The Think Tank of the Belgian MOD

The Royal Higher Institute for Defence (RHID) is the reference body or think tank of the Belgian Ministry of Defence in the field of security and defence. It is also responsible for managing the multiannual programme for scientific and technological research, including the security and defence studies, as well as the scientific research of the Royal Army and Military History Museum. In order to fully accomplish its mission, the RHID has set the objectives of focusing the attention – by identifying research and discussion topics, and themes of interest – as well as deepening and disseminating knowledge. Organising conferences, colloquia and seminars as well as publishing papers by researchers at the Belgian Ministry of Defence, and the Institute in particular, fully contribute to knowledge transfer. The High Studies for Security and Defence, in the form of a meeting place with seminars and visits, provides training in these fields for high-level staff, both from the ministry and the civil sector. Through national and international partnerships, the RHID has developed an extensive network to exchange ideas and experiences.

11/09/2026

🔎 𝐁𝐞𝐲𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐬: 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐅𝐂/𝐌𝟐𝟑 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐨

Since its resurgence in 2021, the AFC/M23 alliance has profoundly reshaped the security landscape in eastern . Yet behind the ongoing fighting lie far more complex realities: the legacy of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, intercommunal tensions, the fragility of the Congolese state, regional rivalries and economic interests linked to strategic natural resources.

Joël Bacanamwo and Rodolphe van Hövell 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐅𝐂/𝐌𝟐𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥, 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐭.

As we approach our evening conference ‘Eastern Congo at a crossroads: conflict dynamics, regional security and armed actors’, this e-Note is essential reading for anyone seeking to better understand the complexities of a conflict whose repercussions extend far beyond the Great Lakes region.

📥 Discover e-Note 103: https://www.defence-institute.be/en/publications-2/e-note/e-note-103-joel-bacanamwo-rodolphe-van-hovell/

01/09/2026

🎓 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐇𝐒𝐒𝐃)

📅 Session 2027–2028 | 📍 Brussels

The High Studies for Security and Defence (HSSD) are a high-level training programme addressing today’s key security and defence challenges in Belgium, Europe and across the world. Over a period of several months, the participants – or ‘auditors’ – have the opportunity to:

✨ deepen their understanding of strategic, geopolitical and security dynamics by participating in seminars led by expert speakers;

🤝 engage with a unique network of leaders from different domains (defence, public institutions, academia and industry);

🌍 take part in visits at the heart of institutions and sites of international security relevance.

𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬, 𝐝𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲, 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡, 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫. Candidates are expected to demonstrate solid expertise in their field and to possess strong strategic thinking skills.

📌 Registration deadline: 15 December 2026

👉 Full application details available on our website:

https://www.defence-institute.be/en/hssd-session-2027-2028/

10/07/2026

🔎 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐚 𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐫

As the conflict in Ukraine enters its fourth year, Russia is seeking new sources of manpower for its armed forces and defence industry. Among the most concerning trends is the recruitment of African nationals, 𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲.

In her latest publication, Giulia Prelz Oltramonti, researcher at the Centre for Security and Defence Studies, examines a phenomenon at the intersection of several major issues: 𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠.

Beyond the Russian case, this analysis invites us to reflect on how modern wars increasingly exploit economic vulnerabilities, migration aspirations and digital environments to meet their personnel needs.

📖 Read the full article on our website:

https://www.defence-institute.be/en/publications-2/e-note/e-note-100-giulia-prelz-oltramonti/

06/07/2026

👉 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐟 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚’𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐔𝐤𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞, 𝐝𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚?

In this new Focus Paper from the Centre for Security and Defence Studies (CSDS), Laetitia Spetschinsky, a specialist in Russian affairs and Eurasian geopolitics, examines Moscow’s strategy of ‘Siberianisation’.

Going beyond the notion of a simple ‘pivot to the East’, the author demonstrates 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐲, 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲, 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 and even its military posture towards Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic.

Yet this ambitious project faces significant challenges: growing dependence on China, demographic decline, budgetary constraints and logistical bottlenecks. 𝐀𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐔𝐤𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚’𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬?

📥 Discover the full analysis on our website: https://www.defence-institute.be/en/publications-2/focus-paper/fp-63-laetitia-spetschinsky-2/

30/06/2026

👉 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝: 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬?

Stan Brabant, researcher at the Centre for Security and Defence Studies (CSDS) and specialist in the Sahel-Saharan region, analyses a 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐭, 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐩𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐬.

He sheds light on a crisis of unprecedented scale, where displacement is not only a consequence of war, but also used as a tool to control territory.

Discover how the interconnected conflicts in Sudan and SouthSudan are durably weakening social structures and fuelling instability that extends far beyond national borders: https://www.defence-institute.be/nl/ss-158-stan-brabant-3/ (publication available in English only).

24/06/2026

🎓 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐇𝐒𝐒𝐃 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓-𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧

On 22 June 2026, the auditors of the High Studies for Security and Defence (HSSD) concluded a year rich in exchanges, learning and discoveries during the final seminar and the official closing ceremony.

This latest session once again highlighted the value of a multidisciplinary approach that brings together stakeholders from the Belgian Defence, public institutions, academia and the private sector.

📖 Discover the full retrospective of the 2025-2026 session on our website : https://www.defence-institute.be/en/closing-ceremony-of-the-high-studies-for-security-and-defence-hssd-2025-2026-21-years-at-the-heart-of-geopolitical-issues-2/

📅 Applications for the 2027-2028 session will open in September.

18/06/2026

🎓 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬

Are you in the final year of your master’s degree or do you already hold a master’s in political science or international relations? The Centre for Security and Defence Studies (CSDS) at the Royal Higher Institute for Defence (RHID) 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝐚𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫!

🔎 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐬:

- the war readiness of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA);

- maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea;

- the geopolitical and geoeconomic dynamics in Libya;

- the implications of the Armenia-Azerbaijan agreement in terms of regional realignment and the development of trade corridors in the South Caucasus

🧠 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞:

- Final-year Master’s student or graduate in political science or international relations;

- Strong interest in security and defence issues;

- Excellent writing skills in French, Dutch or English

🗓️ Duration: 3 to 6 months

📍 Location: Brussels

📖 Supervision: by a CSDS researcher

💰 Unpaid internship, access to facilities is provided

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟏𝟕 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 – 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 👉 https://www.defence-institute.be/en/about-us/vacancies/

Interviews will take place in August.

13/05/2026

🌟 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐢𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 - 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐥 : 𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐚𝐢 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔

The Royal Higher Institute for Defence (RHID) is launching the second edition of the SCRiMM 2026 call for projects, aimed at advancing militarymedicine. Through this programme, 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐃 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐤𝐞𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐬:

🎯 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝟏 – 𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲-𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐧 (𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐝) 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐫𝐲 (𝐦𝐓𝐁𝐈)

mTBIs are among the most complex challenges in modern military operations. Repeated blast exposure, training-related impacts, and difficult diagnostics all contribute to this issue.

🎓 SCRiMM2026 is seeking cutting-edge projects focusing on :

• Prevention & Risk Reduction

• Detection & Monitoring

• Treatment, Rehabilitation & Return to Duty

• Recovery, Long-Term Outcomes & Readiness

🧬 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝟐 – 𝐏𝐓𝐒𝐃 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

Military and public safety personnel face a major challenge, as repeated exposure to potentially traumatic events (i.e. violence, serious injury, or death) significantly increases their risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other operational stress injuries.

🎓 SCRiMM2026 invites 4-year PhD research proposals focused on designing, implementing, and evaluating innovative, evidence-based models for intensive treatment adapted to PSP needs.

👉 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐬: 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞. 🔗 https://www.defence-institute.be/call-for-projects-2026-structural-collaborative-research-in-military-medicine-scrimm/

30/04/2026

🧭 𝐀 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦’𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧

🔍 This publication contributes to the ongoing reflection on 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦’𝐬 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐖𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚, within the framework of the 𝐟𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭’𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦’𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐥.

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐬:
✅ provide a critical examination of the 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧;
✅ analyse past ‘𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞‑𝐨𝐟‑𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭’ 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 in 𝐍𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫, 𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧 and within 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬;
✅ offer 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 for a 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐫, 𝐬𝐮𝐛‑𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡;
✅ argue for the adoption of 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩𝐬;
✅ view 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 as important 𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲, as well as key instruments of 𝐬𝐨𝐟𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫.

Discover the full analysis of 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐧 𝐁. 𝐆𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐞, a defence policy advisor at the 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, and 𝐑𝐨𝐝𝐨𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐧 𝐇𝐨̈𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥, a researcher at the 𝐂𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬 (𝐂𝐒𝐃𝐒) of the 𝐑𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞.

👉 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞: https://www.defence-institute.be/en/publications-2/focus-paper/fp-62-martin-gourgue-rodolphe-van-hovell/

24/04/2026

✋ 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬?

👑 At a time when loyalty is often reduced to mere obedience, senior moral advisor Emmanuel Reynaerts returns to the essence of the 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐡 and 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠’𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞. He explores the 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥, 𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 of the Head of State and poses a fundamental question: 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐦 – 𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 – 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥?

🔍 This in-depth analysis offers a nuanced interpretative framework that goes beyond slogans and simplistic definitions, and 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥, 𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭. Essential reading for anyone wishing to better understand the foundations of 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 and 𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞.

👉 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞: https://www.defence-institute.be/en/publications-2/bmr/bmr-31/bmr-31-emmanuel-reynaerts/

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