05/04/2025
Drone Warfare: Nigeria’s Adoption of UAVs in Counterterrorism Operations
Nigeria’s adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in counterterrorism operations has marked a significant shift in its military strategy, particularly in combating Boko Haram and ISWAP in the northeast. As of April 5, 2025, the Nigerian Armed Forces have increasingly integrated drones to enhance intelligence, surveillance, and precision strikes, though challenges like civilian casualties and insurgent adaptations persist.
Adoption and Deployment
Nigeria began incorporating UAVs into its military operations over a decade ago, with the Nigerian Air Force acquiring Chinese-made CH-3 drones around 2014. By 2020, the fleet expanded to include CH-4 and Wing Loong UAVs, used for surveillance and combat. The 2022 acquisition of Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones further bolstered capabilities, offering advanced targeting systems. In April 2025, Nigeria unveiled its first indigenous attack drones in Abuja, developed with Briech UAS, a milestone hailed by General Christopher Musa as a “game-changer” for national security, according to reports from Vanguard and Premium Times. These drones, designed for precision strikes, aim to reduce reliance on foreign technology.
Operationally, UAVs have been pivotal in the northeast. Airstrikes using A-29 Super Tucanos and drones have targeted Boko Haram and ISWAP hideouts, such as the January 2025 operation in Borno that neutralized key commanders. The military also employs drones for maritime surveillance in the Niger Delta, combating oil theft, and in the northwest against bandits, as noted in a 2024 study in the Journal of Engineering Research and Reports.
Successes
Drones have enhanced Nigeria’s counterterrorism efforts by providing real-time intelligence and reducing risks to troops. The 2024 Operation Lake Sanity II, involving the Multinational Joint Task Force, used UAVs to kill 140 insurgents and arrest 57, disrupting ISWAP’s logistics in the Lake Chad Basin. Drones have also improved border monitoring, with the Nigerian Navy deploying AR-500B UAVs since 2022 for maritime security.
# # # # Challenges
Despite successes, drone warfare in Nigeria faces significant hurdles. Insurgents have adapted, using commercial drones for surveillance and attacks. ISWAP’s December 2024 assault on a base in Wajiroko, using grenade-strapped drones, injured five soldiers, marking a tactical escalation. This prompted Nigeria to adopt Lithuanian EDM4S SkyWiper counter-UAV systems in 2025, as reported by Military Africa, to neutralize such threats.
Civilian casualties remain a critical issue. A December 2024 airstrike in Kaduna, intended for bandits, killed over 120 civilians, drawing widespread criticism. Drone Wars UK reported that nearly 1,000 civilians have died in African drone strikes since 2021, highlighting the need for better targeting precision. Ethical concerns also arise, with limited transparency in drone operations fueling public distrust, as noted in a 2024 study in The American Journal of Engineering and Technology.
Future Outlook
Nigeria’s investment in indigenous drone technology signals a push for self-reliance, but success hinges on addressing operational and ethical challenges. Improved intelligence, stricter oversight, and counter-drone measures are essential to balance effectiveness with civilian safety in this evolving theater of warfare.