Avalon Fire Engineering

31/08/2026

28/11/2025

How Water Mist Suppresses Fire:

Water Mist Systems use far less water than traditional sprinkler systems and operate with smaller-diameter piping, making them highly efficient and easier to install in many applications.

They work by releasing extremely small water droplets—typically 10 µm to 1000 µm—through specialized nozzles operating under controlled pressure.
These ultra-fine droplets suppress fire through three key mechanisms:

1. Fast Cooling:

Because the droplets are extremely small, they have a much larger surface area. This allows them to absorb heat very quickly and turn into steam almost immediately. As the droplets evaporate, they remove a large amount of heat from the fire and rapidly bring down the temperature.

2. Oxygen Reduction:

When the droplets turn into steam, they expand by approximately 1,700 times in volume. This expansion displaces oxygen away from the fire zone. With less oxygen available , the fire’s combustion process is significantly disrupted.

3. Blocking Radiant Heat:

The mist creates a cloud of fine droplets that acts like a barrier. This barrier reduces the heat radiation coming from the fire, slowing its spread and lowering the chance of re-ignition.

By combining cooling, oxygen displacement, and radiant heat reduction, Water Mist Systems control and suppress fires much more efficiently than traditional sprinkler systems.

26/11/2025

NFPA ̲𝟖̲𝟎̲ ̲–̲ ̲𝐅̲𝐢̲𝐫̲𝐞̲ ̲𝐃̲𝐨̲𝐨̲𝐫̲ ̲𝐈̲𝐧̲𝐬̲𝐩̲𝐞̲𝐜̲𝐭̲𝐢̲𝐨̲𝐧̲ ̲𝐑̲𝐞̲𝐪̲𝐮̲𝐢̲𝐫̲𝐞̲𝐦̲𝐞̲𝐧̲𝐭̲𝐬̲

NFPA 𝟴𝟬 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘀:

🔴 𝗨𝗽𝗼𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
🔴 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆, 𝗮𝘀 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
🔴 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱

𝗧𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗯𝗲 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱:

1️⃣ 𝗗𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁, 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲.
2️⃣ 𝗡𝗼 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗻 𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗰𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸𝘀, 𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲.
3️⃣ 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗲𝗹𝘀, 𝗴𝗹𝗮𝘇𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗳𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱.
4️⃣ 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿, 𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀, 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲, 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝗻-𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗱, 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗳𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲.
5️⃣ 𝗗𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗱𝗼 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 NFPA 𝟴𝟬 (𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝟰.𝟴.𝟰 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝟲.𝟯.𝟭.𝟳)
6️⃣ 𝗡𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗲𝗻, 𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗱, 𝗼𝗿 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴.
7️⃣ 𝗦𝗲𝗹𝗳-𝗰𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗹𝘆, 𝗲𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗰𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
8️⃣ 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗰𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗱.
9️⃣ 𝗡𝗼 𝗮𝘂𝘅𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
🔟 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗹𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗴𝗮𝘀𝗸𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀.

𝗘𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝘀 𝗰𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝘀𝗮𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲. 𝗥𝗲𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗮𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝗲𝗻𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝘀𝗮𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.

27/10/2025

Sprinkler design can be easily misunderstood:-

BS EN12845 and MS1910
1. Never mix precalculated sprinkler design with hydraulically calculated design. Pre calculated design allows all range pipes and distribution pipe serving sprinkler points downstream of design point to be specified to pipe schedule. It then does calculation for pressure loss from control valve to design point including static gain and limit to say 500mbar for OH design with flow rate of 1000L/min. Note that design point shall be specified in every floor.

2. When doing hydraulic calculation design, we need to consider most favourable and unfavourable AMAO area. Start with hydraulically most unfavourable area with pressure greater than 7psi. And then work out the flow rate as per pipe size assigned and pressure available at upstream sprinkler points. This will allow you to work out the minimum design flow rate. And your pump flow rate will also need to cater for sprinklers discharging at the most favourable area.

3. Hydraulic calculation design is required for rack sprinklers, ESFR sprinklers, looped design. Pipe schedule method cannot be used.

4. HHP and HHS precalculated design calculation is based on pressure required not at control valve but at highest sprinkler point. Then you can work out your pump pressure to deliver the required flow rate and pressure.

5. Fire pumps are set based on shut off pressure and not your design pressure.

As for me, I do not see the point of doing full hydraulic calculation to down size pipe design which can be carried out as precalculated/ pipe schedule design. Hydraulic calculation is just very tedious unless you use software such as sprinkcal.

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